Bunga cina (Gardenia jasminoides)
Common names
- akar bunga China, bunga China, bunga cina, bunga susu, sangklapa (Malay)
- cape jessamine, gardenia, jasmine, white gardenia, cape jasmine, garden gardenia (English)
- chih tzu, zhi zi (China)
- gandharaj, gandharaja, gulchand, gundhuraj, kaboklei, kantaraca, kantaracanam, karinga, nanamt, suvarane malle, thagar, thota bikki (India)
Description
- a member of Rubiaceae family
- it is usually an evergreen, erect shrub, up to 2 m tall, but some small trees that reach up to 12 m tall
- the roots are strong and the stem is up to 10 cm in diameter and usually much branched
- leaves are arranged opposite, elliptic to oblong-ovate with wedge-shaped base, acute or acuminate at apex, with short leaf stalk and with stipules that connate in pairs
- flowers are large, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, (sub) sessile and very fragrant. The sepal is 5-8-lobed, with persistent white petal but later turns yellowish; its tube is about 3 cm long while there are 5-8 spreading lobes
- fruit is a leathery, ovoid or ellipsoid berry, 5-ribbed, crowned with a persistent sepal, yellow to red at maturity and containing many seeds
Chemical constituents
Flavonoids: rutin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, nicotiflorin, genistein, 5,7,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-6, 8-dimethoxy flavone, 5,7,3’,5’-tetrahydroxy-6, 4’-dimethoxy flavone, quercetin, 4 ’ ,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-3,3 ’ ,5 ’ –trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,3’-trihydroxy- 6, 4’,5’-trimethoxyflavone, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, catechin, kaempferol, 3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-11-ketone, 5,4'-dihydroxyl-7,3',5'-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,3',4',5'-pentame-thoxyflavone, 3,5,6,4'-tetrahydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone
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Iridoid glycosides: geniposide, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-β-gentiobioside, deacetyl-asperulosidic acid methyl ester, scandoside methyl ester, 10-O-(4’’-O-methylsuccinoyl)geniposide, genipin, 6β-hydroxygenipin, genameside D, genameside C, 6"-O-trans-caffeoylgenipin gentiobioside, genipin 1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, ixoroside, 6-O-methyldeacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester
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Monoterpenoids: jasminodiol, 6'-O-sinapoyljasminoside A, 6'-O-sinapoyljasminoside C, Epijasminoside A, jasminoside (A-H), jasminoside (Q-T), 2-hydroxyethyl gardenamide A, 6’-O-trans-sinapoyl jasminoside L, gadenone, gardenate A
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Sesquiterpenoids: (1R,7R,8S,10R)-7,8,11-trihydroxyguai-4-en-3- one 8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (1R,7R,10S)-11-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4- guaien-3-one, (1R,7R,10S)-7-hydroxy-11-O-β-D-glucopyran osyl-4-guaien-3-one
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Triterpenes: ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, secaubrytriol, gardeniside (A-C), siaresinolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, β-sitosterol, hederagenin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside6′-O-methly ester
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​Organic acids and their derivatives: 4-O-β-D-(6'-sinapoyl)glucopyranoside, methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-4-O-(3-hydroxy3-methyl)glutaroylquinate, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-D-O-caffeoyl-4-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl)- glutaroylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoyl-4-O-sinapoylquinic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, 3β,23-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid
Traditional uses
Preparation/ parts of plants used
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to treat dysentery
Roots and fruit: make tea
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used to treat cholestasis, jaundice, biliousness and haematemesis
Fruit
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used for fever
Root and fruit: decoction
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to disperse accumulated blood in bruises and stop bleeding
Fruit
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to treat nervous disorders
Root
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used to disperse heat, purges fire, cools the blood, and removes toxins
Whole plant
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to treat diabetes
Leaves: decoction and drink everyday
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removing irritation and flatulence
Fruit: decoction
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used for treatment cough, chest fullness and eliminating phlegm
Fruit: decoction with Scutellaria baicalensis root, Citrus aurantium fruit, Panax ginseng root and rhizome, Mentha haplocalyx herb, Forsythia suspense fruit, Glycyrrhiza uralensis root and rhizome, Prunus armeniaca semen, Morus alba cortex, Rheum palmatum root and rhizome
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used as a yellow food colorant
Flower